Size exclusion chromatography with dual-beam refractive index gradient detection of polystyrene samples

Non-aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of polystyrenes (as model analytes) is examined using the microscale molar mass sensor (μ-MMS) for detection. The μ-MMS is combined with SEC to demonstrate this simultaneously universal and molar mass selective detection method for polymer characterization. The μ-MMS is based on measuring the refractive index gradient (RIG) at two positions (upstream and downstream) within a T-shaped microfluidic channel. The RIG is produced from a sample stream (eluting analytes in the mobile phase) merging with a mobile phase stream (mobile phase only). The magnitude of the RIG is measured as a probe beam deflection angle and is related to analyte diffusion coefficient, the time allowed for analyte diffusion from the sample stream toward the mobile phase stream, and the bulk phase analyte refractive index difference relative to the mobile phase. Thus, two deflection angles are measured simultaneously, the upstream angle and the downstream angle. An angle ratio is calculated by dividing the downstream angle by the upstream angle. The μ-MMS was found to extend the useful molar mass calibration range of the SEC system (nominally limited by the total exclusion and total permeation regions from ∼100,000 g/mol to ∼800 g/mol), to a range of 3,114,000-162 g/mol. The injected concentration LOD (based on 3 s statistics) was 2 ppm for the upstream detection position. The point-by-point time-dependent ratio, termed a ‘ratiogram’, is demonstrated for resolved and overlapped peaks. Within detector band broadening produces some anomalies in the ratiogram shapes, but with highly overlapped distributions of peaks this problem is diminished. Ratiogram plots are converted to molar mass as a function of time, demonstrating the utility of SEC/μ-MMS to examine a complex polymer mixture.     

The role of variable surface charge and surface complexation in the adsorption of humic acid on magnetite

The ionic strength dependence of humic acid (HA) adsorption on magnetite (Fe₃O₄) was investigated at pH 5, 8 and 9, where variable charged magnetite is positive, neutral and negative, respectively. The adsorption studies revealed that HA has high affinity to magnetite surface especially at lower pH, where interacting partners have opposite charges. However, in spite of electrostatic repulsion at pH 9 notable amounts of humate are adsorbed. Increasing ionic strength enhances HA adsorption at each pH due to charge screening. The dominant interaction is probably a ligand-exchange reaction, nevertheless the Coulombic contribution to the organic matter accumulation on oxide surface is also significant under acidic condition. The results from size exclusion chromatography demonstrate that the smaller size HA fractions enriched with functional groups are adsorbed preferentially on the surface of magnetite at pH 8 in dilute NaCl solution.     

Fission-track dating of Macusanite glasses with plateau and size correction methods

Two Macusanite pebbles (MB1 and MB2) were dated with the fission-track method. Six irradiations were carried out in different nuclear reactors: Pavia (Italy), IPEN-CNEN (Brazil) and IPEN-Lima (Peru). Measurements of the thorium and uranium induced-fission per target nucleus using natural thorium thin films and natural U-doped glasses calibrated against natural uranium thin films, together with a λ_F of 8.46×10⁻¹⁷ a⁻¹ were used to determine the ages. The apparent ages were corrected using the plateau and size correction methods. Track measurements were performed by different analysts, using different counting criteria. In addition, tracks were measured on samples which had been submitted to thermal treatment as well as on samples which had not been heated. Thermal treatments were carried out to erase the fossil tracks before neutron irradiation. No significant differences have been found in individual results, using the two Macusanite pebbles and the different nuclear reactors, age correction techniques, analysts, track-counting criteria, and thermal treatments before neutron irradiation. The great majority of the results (14/17) is compatible with the Ar–Ar ages of 5.12±0.11 and 5.10±0.11 Ma, Macusanite MB1 and MB2, respectively. However, the fission-track ages are systematically less (8%) than the Ar–Ar ages of the two Macusanite samples studied.     

金纳米粒子的尺寸以及金-二氧化钛相互作用对表面等离激元光催化产氧的影响（英文）

表面等离激元共振效应具有独特的光-物质相互作用的性质,因而近年来被广泛的应用到太阳能转化科学领域.通过调变金属的性质(例如组分、尺寸、形貌等)可以方便地在整个太阳能光谱范围内调节其等离子共振吸收性质,从而有效地增加光催化剂的捕光效率.尽管如此,等离激元光催化目前的能量转化效率仍处于很低的水平,主要是由于光催化剂中的电荷分离以及利用效率很低.理论上可以通过控制优化金属纳米粒子的尺寸以及金属-半导体的相互作用来促进电荷分离及利用效率,从而提高光催化剂的活性.然而,关于金属纳米粒子的尺寸以及金属-半导体的相互作用在表面等离激元光催化剂中的具体作用还亟待详细研究.本文以金/二氧化钛作为典型的表面等离激元光催化剂,通过简便的焙烧后处理可同时实现金粒子尺寸和金-氧化钛界面相互作用的调控.我们发现,催化剂的可见光产氧活性随着焙烧温度呈现火山型关系,其中600 ℃处理的样品表现出最高的活性,在560 nm出的表观量子效率为0.3%,接近甚至超过文献报道的同类结果.随后通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、光电子能谱、紫外可见光谱等表征手段系统地研究了煅烧温度对于金粒子尺寸和金-氧化钛相互作用的影响.从结果表明,通过不同温度焙烧并未改变二氧化钛自身的性质,且随着温度的升高,金尺寸在600℃之前变化较小,随后突然快速长大.在排除了不同样品的吸光性能的差异后发现,产氧活性随着Au尺寸长大而减少.从光电子能谱的结果发现,金-二氧化钛的界面相互作用随焙烧温度升高而逐步增强.进一步地,通过界面周长的归一化活性得出界面相互作用与产氧活性呈现近似线性关系.最后,通过对光沉积Au样品进行不同温度的煅烧发现大尺寸Au的粒径不随煅烧温度变化,而此时的产氧活性却随焙烧温度增加而增加,这进一步验证了界面相互作用对光催化水氧化的促进作用.综合以上结果可知,最终的等离激元诱导的可见光产氧活性是由尺寸与界面相互作用共同影响的结果,尺寸和界面相互作用的变化会共同影响热电子转移效率和表面反应效率,从而改变整体的光催化产氧效率.     

Analysis of size-classified fine and ultrafine particulate matter on substrates with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Airborne particulate matter in the fine (0.1 µm–2.5 µm) and ultrafine (≤ 0.1 µm) size range is supposed to affect human health significantly. Smaller particles intrude more deeply into the lungs, so that an organism directly absorbs toxic compounds. Therefore, knowledge of the size-dependent composition of airborne particles is required to determine their health hazard. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to directly analyze size-classified particulate matter samples without any sample preparation. Samples analyzed are collected on filter substrates using a cascade impactor. Greased aluminum foils are used as filter substrate. To reduce ablation of the substrate material, low pulse energies of 0.6 mJ are used for plasma excitation. The plasma light is observed using an Echelle spectrometer. The effect of ambient gas and pressure on the line intensities is studied. Calibration samples for 14 elements relevant for human health were produced, and the system was calibrated for concentration ranges up to four orders of magnitude. Finally, the collected samples of particulate originating from steel-making processes were analyzed. The measurements show that the composition of these particles depends strongly on their size. For example, the elements lead, cadmium and copper are enriched within particles of about 200 nm diameter.     

重组灵芝免疫调节蛋白的纯化及其性质

采用超滤浓缩、强阴离子交换、疏水作用和凝胶色谱等方法, 对毕赤酵母表达的rGlip进行分离和纯化, 对离子交换色谱中rGlip与固相结合的最佳pH值进行了考察, 并对纯化产物的活性进行了鉴定. rGlip在215 nm处有强的紫外吸收, 经激光解析电离时间飞行质谱鉴定其相对分子量为12722, 经反相液相色谱鉴定纯度≥97%. 设计rGlip的疏水作用色谱, 有效地去除色素. 凝血实验结果表明, rGlip可以凝集绵羊血红细胞, 但对人血A, B, AB和O型等红细胞无凝集作用, 有类似凝集素的生物学活性.     

铂族金属催化剂低温 CO氧化研究近期进展

CO氧化可能是多相催化领域最常见的反应,它不仅能作为探针反应研究催化剂结构、反应活性位等,而且在诸多实际过程如空气净化、汽车尾气污染物控制、燃料电池所用氢源净化等扮演重要角色.最早的 CO氧化催化剂为霍加拉特剂,其组分主要为 CuO与 MnO2混合氧化物,然而在实际应用过程中存在低温活性低、吸湿易失活等缺点.1987年, Haruta等发现湿化学法制备的氧化物负载 Au催化剂表现出非常高的低温 CO氧化活性及耐水稳定性,其 Au粒子以纳米尺度分散,进而引发了催化研究领域的“淘金热”及纳米催化研究热潮.而 CO氧化通常作为考察 Au催化剂结构性质的探针反应,也成为考核其它金属催化剂是否具有高活性的判据之一. Pt族金属上 CO氧化反应从 Langmuir等研究开始至今已有100多年,然而低温下该金属催化剂活性与 Au催化剂相比要低一个数量级.本质原因为 Pt族金属上 CO吸附较强, O2吸附与活化受到抑制,而该步骤被认为是 CO氧化的速控步,因而表现出较低的催化活性.通常 Pt族金属催化剂需要100oC以上 CO才能脱附, O2进而得以吸附.目前研究人员采取多种策略,其基本原则为削弱 Pt族金属上 CO吸附强度或者提供其它活性位供 O2吸附与活化.本综述将概括近十年来Pt族金属催化剂 CO氧化研究进展,主要总结室温甚至超低温条件下的研究成果.高活性 CO氧化催化剂主要是通过采用可还原氧化物为载体或助剂,或者改变催化剂表面性质如使表面富 OH基物种来形成. Au催化剂的研究发现,改变金属粒子尺寸极有可能获得不同寻常的催化性能,而常规的 Pt族金属催化剂研究主要是在纳米尺度.近期人们发现逐渐减小 Pt族金属粒子尺寸,从纳米到亚纳米甚至单原子时,其电荷状态逐渐呈正价形式,这有利于削弱其 CO吸附强度.此外,可通过增强金属载体间的相互作用,改变金属载体接触方式,如从核壳到交叉结联结构,构筑出更多的金属载体界面,使得 O2更容易吸附与活化或稳定更多的 OH基物种进而在此界面与吸附的 CO反应.伴随着表征技术的发展, CO氧化机理的认识也更加深入,这给催化剂的设计带来更多新的思路.(1)改变 CO吸附活化位,将 CO吸附活化位从金属转移到载体上,从而大大降低 CO吸附强度,活化的 CO物种在反应过程中容易溢流到金属载体界面处,这甚至有利于超低温度下(–100oC左右) CO氧化.(2)改变 O2活化形式. O2通常在 Pt族金属上容易以解离氧原子形式存在,通过改变载体、金属载体界面性质使得 O2以分子氧形式活化,如形成超氧或过氧物种,这有利于降低 CO氧化的活化能垒,进而提高其低温甚至超低温下 CO氧化活性.今后,设计并合成出在超低温度下能够氧化 CO的 Pt族金属催化剂将成为 CO氧化催化剂研究的重要方向之一.     

定量体积排除色谱测定高分子双水相系统的组成和分子量分布

利用定量体积排除色谱研究葡聚糖-聚乙二醇双水相系统相分离后上下两相中2种高分子组分的含量、分子量和分子量分布.由定量体积排除色谱法得到的两相组成(即系线端点)与用浊点滴定法得到的浊点曲线几乎完全重合,二者仅在靠近临界点的聚乙二醇富集相有一定偏差.同时,利用体积排除色谱测得两相中葡聚糖和聚乙二醇的分子量和分子量分布.结果表明,由系线端点得到的体系两相共存线与浊点曲线的偏差是由于相分离过程中,不同分子量的高分子组分在两相的非均匀分配造成的.聚乙二醇分子量分布较窄,发生相分离后,在两相的分子量和分子量分布相差不大.而葡聚糖分子量分布较宽,在相分离后两相中的分子量和分子量分布具有较大差异,即葡聚糖组分在葡聚糖富集相中的分子量显著高于其在聚乙二醇富集相中的分子量.随着葡聚糖-聚乙二醇体系初始浓度的增加,两相中葡聚糖的分子量差异变大.定量体积排除色谱可以准确得到高分子双水相系统的相平衡数据及两相中2组分的分子量和分子量分布信息,其结果不仅为深入理解葡聚糖-聚乙二醇-水三元溶液的相平衡提供基础,而且为双水相系统在萃取分离中的应用提供理论指导.     

Influence of grain size on luminescence properties of micro- and nanopowder Zn2V2O7 vanadate

Micro- and spongiform nanocrystalline Zn₂V₂O₇ compounds were synthesized by hydrothermal and solid-state reaction techniques, and their morphological features were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grain size ranges of the produced powders were 3–15, 0.5–2 μm, and 50–500 nm. The luminescence spectra of these compounds were measured under pulse cathode beam and photoexcitation (200–400 nm). The luminescence decay properties of Zn₂V₂O₇ were studied.It is found that the intensity, maximum position of luminescence spectra and luminescence decay time of Zn₂V₂O₇ samples depend considerably on the grain size of the synthesized powders. The processes of energy relaxation in Zn₂V₂O₇ and the observed size effect on the luminescence properties are also discussed.     

Multivariate Gini Indices

Two extensions of the univariate Gini index are considered:R_D, based on expected distance between two independent vectors from the same distribution with finite meanμ ^d; andR_V, related to the expected volume of the simplex formed fromd+1 independent such vectors. A new characterization ofR_Das proportional to a univariate Gini index for a particular linear combination of attributes relates it to the Lorenz zonoid. TheLorenz zonoidwas suggested as a multivariate generalization of the Lorenz curve.R_Vis, up to scaling, the volume of the Lorenz zonoid plus a unit cube of full dimension. Whend=1, bothR_DandR_Vequal twice the area between the usual Lorenz curve and the line of zero disparity. Whend>1, they are different, but inherit properties of the univariate Gini index and are related via the Lorenz zonoid:R_Dis proportional to the average of the areas of some two-dimensioned projections of the lift zonoid, whileR_Vis the average of the volumes of projections of the Lorenz zonoid over all coordinate subspaces.